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Dr. Dana Oswald recommends the format followed by American
Anthropologist*, the journal of the American Anthropological Association. This is based on, with some
exceptions, The Chicago Manual of Style (15th edition,
2003) and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th edition, 2006).
*Full-text articles (1988 - present) from American Anthropologist are available to Prescott College
students through the ProQuest journal database.
This handout is intended to be a brief overview of basic
in-text citation and References Cited style rules. Consult
the
AAA Style Guide for tips on grammar, punctuation, capitalization,
quotations, italics, etc., and for additional reference examples.
- You must cite every reference that you used to prepare your paper (every book, book
chapter, article, web site, video, etc.).
- Every reference referred to in the text must appear in the References Cited list.
- The References Cited list only includes those references cited in the text.
The Basics: In-Text Citations
Citing references in the text (in-text citations
are the same whether you're citing a book,
a journal article,
or an electronic source):
- Use a colon between year and page number(s).
- Do not use a comma or other punctuation between author and year.
- Specific page citation is mandatory for a direct quote or when referring to a paraphrased
statement that is found only in a very specific place in a cited text.
EXAMPLE:
(Waterman 1990:3-7).
- Use "et al." with three or more authors (but
spell out all names in References Cited)
- Quotations must include a page number
- Avoid "cited in" when citing another work -
in parentheses, use the work listed in References
Cited.
EXAMPLE: As Johnson notes (Webber 1992)...
- If a quotation runs more than four lines, use the "block"
format (set off the quote by
indenting); use brackets for citation at the end of a block
- Italicize titles in text - not in References Cited
Examples:
When you use the author's name in the sentence, put the year
of the publication in parentheses:
- Smith (1990) eloquently describes the material.
If you don't specifcally name the author in your text, cite
it in parentheses:
- ... this is the definitive answer to this question (Smith
1989).
When you are talking about someone's work, put the author
and publication year in the text itself,
not in parentheses:
- Smith 1990 contains an analysis of the material.
Quotations from interviews or conversations that have not been published or aired (personal
communications, e-mails) should be cited in text and include interviewee name, interviewer name,
month, day and year of interview. Do not include personal communications in References Cited:
EXAMPLE: Horace Smith claims (letter to author, July 12, 1993)...
References Cited
- Although not shown in the following examples, the second and subsequent lines of the citations will be indented.
- Use full first names of authors, unless author specifically uses his/her initials.
Examples of Print Sources:
Single-Author Book
Castles, Stephen
1990 Here for Good. London: Pluto Press. |
Coauthored Book
Bonacich, Edna, and John Modell
1975 The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese American Community. Berkeley: University of California Press. |
Chapter in Book with Editor(s)
Rohlen, Thomas P.
1993 Education: Policies and Prospects. In Koreans in Japan: Ethnic Conflicts and Accommodation. Cameron Lee and George De Vos, eds. Pp. 182-222. Berkeley: University of California Press. |
Article in Journal
Moll, Luis C.
2000 Writing as Communication: Creating Strategic Learning Environments for Students. Theory into Practice 25(3):202-208. |
Newspaper Article
Reinhold, Robert
2000 Illegal Aliens Hoping to Claim Their Dreams. New York Times, November 3:A1,A10.
|
Ph.D. Dissertation or M.A. Thesis
D’Amato, John
1989 “We Cool, Tha’s Why”: A Study of Personhood and Place in a Class of Hawaiian Second Graders. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Education, University
of Hawai‘i. |
Article in Popular Magazine
Talk of the Town
2000 New Yorker, April 10: 31.
|
Personal Communication
(including e-mail, listserv, and newsgroup messages and unpublished
interviews)
Should be cited in text citations, with specific date, but not in references cited:
...Horace Smith claims (letter to author, July 12, 1993) |
Audiovisual Recordings and Multimedia
High School Parody
1998 Carmela Carvajal and David C. Kim, dirs. 120 min. Paramount Pictures. Hollywood.
|
Interviews
Bush, George W.
2007 Interview by Jim Lehrer. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS, January 16. |
Examples
of Online Sources*
Entire Web Site
American Anthropological Association
N.d. About AAA. American Anthropological Association. http://www.aaanet.org/about/, accessed June 29, 2009.
Pitt Rivers Museum
2005 Research – Graduate Study: The Pitt Rivers Museum and ISCA. http://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/research.html, accessed August 31, 2005.
|
Journal Database
Thomas, Trevor M.
1956. Wales: Land of mines and quarries. Geographical Review 46, no.1: 59-81. http://www.jstor.org/. |
Online Journal
Warr, Mark, and Christopher G. Ellison.
2000. Rethinking social reactions to crime: Personal and altruistic fear in gamily households. American Journal of Sociology 106, no.3 (November 2000): 551-78. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal
/issues/v106n3/050125/050125.html. |
Newspaper
Mitchell, Alison, and Frank Bruni.
2001. Scars still raw, Bush clashes with McCain. New York Times, March 25, 2001. http://wwwnytimes.com/2001/03/25/politics/
25MCCA.html (accessed January 2, 2002). |
Public Document /Web Site
U.S. Census Bureau.
2000. Health insurance coverage statues and type of coverage by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1987 to 1999. Health Insurance Historical Table 1. http://www.census.gov/hhes/hlthins/historic/
hihistt1.html. |
Wikipedia (no author)
Coal
2009, April 13. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23:00, April 13, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal
&oldid=283567903
|
Online Magazine
Reeves, Jessica.
2001. A weighty issue: Ever-fatter kids. Interview with James Rosen. Time, March 14. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,
102443,00.html. |
Article from a Website
Reid, T.R.
2003 The Sherpas: It’s their mountain, and ever since tourists started pouring in, it’s their
livelihood too. National Geographic Magazine May 2003, http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0305/
feature2/index.html, accessed August 31, 2005.
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* Specific conventions exist for citing different types of online sources. See Chicago for guidance on
citing
online books (17.47, 17.142–17.147), journals (17.180–17.181), magazines (17.187),
newspapers (17.198), informally published materials (17.234–17.237), reference works (17.239), multimedia (17.270), CDs and DVDs (17.271), public documents (17.357) and databases (17.357–17.359). In addition to the information typically included in citations, each electronic resource reference should also include
a URL and date accessed. Where there is no author per se, the owner
of a referenced website may be listed (see Chicago 17.237). To cite personal communications
completed via electronic media, see example
#21 in this section.
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